直升机动作7等级

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[这个贴子最后由成都小财神在 2003/04/11 09:36am 编辑]

IRCHA(国际遥控模型直升机协会)将直升机的动作难度分为７个等级，由执行委员会所制定。第一级的困难度最低，依等级的增加而提升困难度，第七级是困难度最高的等级。
如果您是遥控模型直升机的初学者，或者才刚开始学习停悬，这些不同等级的许多动作，对您而言将是不可能的任务。其实没有任何一种动作是不能达成的，绝大部份的直升机都可以完成这些指定动作。只要您增进自己的操控技巧，您就可以执行这些规定动作，执行某些高级的动作时，您可能需要略微修改自己的直升机。

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第二级(Level II)
Level II is an intermediate level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a well rounded pilot capable of performing Basic Flight skills. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of Level I, then advancing to the ability to FLY the helicopter in circuits.
第二级属於中等程度，使操控者有能力执行基础飞行的技巧。第二级的本质是要能成功地完成第一级的所有动作，以及增进圆周飞行的能力。
Taxi Out（水平滑行）
Take-off from the landing area to eye-level, hold momentarily.
由降落区将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高，静止停悬几秒钟。
Hover forward slowly for no less than ten (10) meters.
缓慢地往前滑行至少10公尺的距离。
Turn into the prevailing wind direction and continue straight and level for no less than ten (10) meters.
将机头转至迎风面，并且继续水平直线前进至少10公尺的距离。
Either proceed to Climb-Out or Land within the landing area circle.
接下来可以直接进行"垂直爬升"的程序或降落程序，降落时机体必须在圆形的降落区内。

Climb-Out（垂直爬升）
After Taxi Out, begin ascent by gradually increasing power/collective.
执行完"水平滑行"後，逐渐地增加油门/螺距，使机体开始上升。
Continue to climb until an altitude of approximately fifty (50) feet.
持续地爬升，直到大约50尺的高度。
Climb-out should be parallel to flight path and at a moderate speed.
垂直爬升的过程中，机体必须与航道平行，并且保持适当的上升速度。

90 Degree Turns（90°转向）
After Climb-Out, turn 90 degrees in a direction away from pilot and spectators.
执行完"垂直爬升"後，将机头旋转90°，使机尾朝向操控者及观众。

Flying Box（矩形飞行）
After completing the Climb-Out and first 90 Degree Turn, continue to fly straight and level.
执行完"垂直爬升"及第一个"90°转向"後，保持水平直线前进。
Execute another 90 Degree Turn, same direction as before.
执行第二个"90°转向"，旋转的方向必须与第一个相同。
Continue as before until a box or rectangle has been formed.
继续执行步骤２的程序，直到飞行的轨迹能形成一个正方形或长方形。

180 Degree Turns（180°回转）
While flying straight and level, execute a turn, hold this turn until the helicopter has come around back to the same direction it has just come from, straighten out and continue in straight and level flight.
先保持水平直线飞行，然後执行转弯的动作，回转180°後对正航道，继续保持水平直线飞行。
Turns should be made turning away from the pilot to the right and left.
分别由左至右，以及由右至左，执行外侧回转（远离操控者）。
Turns should be made turning toward the pilot to the right and left.
分别由左至右，以及由右至左，执行内侧回转（接近操控者）。

Straight and Level Flight（水平直线飞行）
From the left to the right.
由左至右，执行水平直线飞行。
From the right to the left.
由右至左，执行水平直线飞行。

Figure of Eight - Constant Heading, Hovering（机头定向８字飞行）
Take-off to eye-level, hold momentarily.
将直升机垂直起飞至与眼睛同高，静止停悬几秒钟。
While maintaining constant altitude, speed and heading, begin a forward hovering circle to either the right or the left.
将直升机保持在同高度、同速度以及机头朝固定的方向，向右或向左开始执行水平圆的动作。
As the helicopter reaches the take-off point, continue hovering forward and complete a circle in the opposite direction from before.
当直升机到达起飞点的上空後，以步骤２的方式，继续向另一侧执行水平圆的动作。
Stop over take-off point, descend vertically and land completely within the landing circle.
在起飞点的上空停止，然後垂直下降，降落时机体必须完全在圆形的降落区内。

Figure of Eight - "Lazy 8"（水平快８字飞行）
With the helicopter flying straight and level after it passes the pilot, make a turn that is greater than 180 degrees, away from the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，向外侧（远离操控者）执行大於180°的转弯。
After the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, execute another turn that is greater than 180 degrees, away from the pilot.
当直升机通过操控者後，再向外侧（远离操控者）执行另一次大於180°的转弯。
This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右（先向左转弯，逆时针），以及由右至左（先向右转弯，顺时针）执行。

Figure of Eight - Flying（水平８字飞行）
With the helicopter flying straight and level after it passes the pilot, make a 270 degree turn away from the pilot, the helicopter will now be pointed directly at the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始执行外侧3/4水平圆（远离操控者），使机头朝向操控者。
After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot, execute a 360 degree turn, in the opposite direction. The helicopter will again be pointing directly at the pilot.
当机头朝向操控者後，向另一侧执行360°水平圆，使机头再次朝向操控者。
After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot again, execute a 90 degree turn, in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn.
当机头再次朝向操控者後，执行1/4水平圆，使机头与步骤１的水平直线飞行同向。
This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first 270 degree turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first 270 degree turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右（向左执行3/4水平圆，逆时针），以及由右至左（向右执行3/4水平圆顺时针），执行水平８字飞行。

Traffic Pattern Approach to Landing（小角度降落航道）
From straight and level flight, after the helicopter passes the pilot, execute a 180 degree turn away from the pilot.
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始执行外侧180°转弯的动作（远离操控者）。
Start to reduce speed and power.
开始减速及收油门。
After the helicopter passes the pilot, execute a 180 degree turn towards, continue to reduce power/collective so as to descend at a gradual angle to the landing zone.
当直升机再次通过操控者後，开始执行内侧180°转弯的动作（接近操控者），持续地降低油门/螺距，保持平缓的下降角度进入降落区。
This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。

Translational Descent（大角度降落航道）
This is similar to the Traffic Pattern Approach, but the descent angle should be much greater (about 45 degrees) and the descend continues all the way to the landing.
与"小角度降落航道"非常类似，但下降的角度比较大（约45°），必须持续保持下降直到著陆。
This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。

Landing（著陆）
This landing is to be completed as part of a Translational Descent, but this has the added requirement that both the take-off and landing must be within a one (1) meter circle. The skids must be completely within the landing circle.
著陆是"大角度降落航道"须完成的动作之一，但特别要求起飞及著陆都必须在直径１公尺的圆圈内，脚架需完全落在降落区内。
This must be done starting from both the right and the left.
分别由右侧及左侧开始执行。

Stall Turn（180°失速倒转）
Starting from straight and level flight after the helicopter passes the pilot, the helicopter is smoothly pulled vertical (Aft Cyclic).
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始平滑地拉高机头（打升舵），使机头朝上垂直爬升。
When the vertical climb stops, the helicopter is rotated 180 degrees about the yaw axis.
当直升机停止爬升後，将机头旋转180°（机头朝下）。
The helicopter is allowed to fall the same distance that it climbed at the beginning of the maneuver before pulling the helicopter back to straight and level flight.
待直升机垂直俯冲的距离与垂直爬升的距离相同时，拉起机头恢复成水平直线飞行。
This maneuver must be done both to the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

Inside Loop（内浸斗）
Starting from straight and level flight after the helicopter passes the pilot, the helicopter is smoothly pulled through a loop (Aft Cyclic).
先保持水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始平滑地拉高机头（打升舵），使飞行轨迹成为一个环状。
As the helicopter is "on its back", the pilot should reduce collective so as to keep the loop as round as possible.
当直升机处於倒飞状态时，必须减少螺距，尽可能使飞行轨迹成为圆形的环状。
This maneuver must be done starting from both the right and the left of the pilot.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行。

Pirouette（原地旋转）
From a stationary hover, execute a tail rotor only turn of 360 degrees to either the right or the left.
先保持静止停悬，然後方向舵打右舵或左舵，使机体原地旋转360°。
This maneuver must be done in both directions, to the right (clockwise) and the left (counterclockwise)
分别执行顺时针与逆时针方向的原地旋转。

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第四级(Level IV)
Level IV is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing the beyond the basics of Inverted Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use extreme caution when performing these advanced maneuvers, the pilots and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第四级属於高级程度，使操控者有能力执行基础的倒飞动作。第四级的本质是要能成功地完成前三级的所有动作，以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这些高级的动作时，必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。
Sustained Inverted Flight（倒飞水平圆）
With the helicopter inverted fly at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area.
在飞行区域内，以顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈倒飞水平圆。
The idea is to learn control the helicopter as it is turning towards you and away form you.
这个动作是为了当机头或机尾朝向操控者时，学习如何操控直升机。

Sustained Inverted Hover（倒飞停悬）
With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区10码/公尺内的高度，机尾朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。
With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose in, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区10码/公尺内的高度，机头朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。

Inverted Pirouettes（倒飞原地旋转）
With the helicopter inverted and no more than ten (10) yards/meters above the landing area hover nose out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
离降落区10码/公尺内的高度，机尾朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。
While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise  90 degrees, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度时，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转90°，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。
While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise  90 degrees, the helicopter will now be Nose-In, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转90°，此时机头朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。
While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise  90 degrees, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转90°，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。
While maintaining a constant altitude use the tail rolor to rotate the helicopter clockwise  90 degrees, the helicoper will back to Nose-Out, hold for ten (10) seconds.
保持稳定的停悬高度，将方向舵打右舵，使直升机顺时针旋转90°，此时机尾又朝向操控者，保持静止倒飞停悬10秒钟。
Repeat but rotate the helicopter counterclockwise.
重覆以上的动作，但是将方向舵打左舵，使直升机以逆时针的方向旋转。

Inverted Figure of Eight - Flying（倒飞水平８字飞行）
With the helicopter is flying straight and level inverted after it passes the pilot, make a 270 degree turn away from the pilot, the helicopter will now be pointed directly at the pilot.
先保持倒飞水平直线飞行，当直升机通过操控者後，开始执行外侧3/4水平圆（远离操控者），使机头朝向操控者。
After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot, execute a 360 degree turn, in the opposite direction. The helicopter will again be pointing directly at the pilot.
当机头朝向操控者後，向另一侧执行360°水平圆，使机头再次朝向操控者。
After the helicopter is pointing at the pilot again, execute a 90 degree turn, in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn.
当机头再次朝向操控者後，执行1/4水平圆，使机头与步骤１的水平直线飞行同向。
This maneuver must be done starting from both left to right (first 270 degree turn to the left, counterclockwise) and right to left (first 270 degree turn to the right, clockwise).
分别由左至右（向左执行3/4水平圆，逆时针），以及由右至左（向右执行3/4水平圆，顺时针），执行水平８字飞行。

Consecutive Stationary Rolls（连续侧滚）
With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the right.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副翼打右舵使直升机向右完成侧滚二圈。
With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add left cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the left.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打左舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副翼打左舵使直升机向左完成侧滚二圈。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the right.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副翼打右舵使直升机向右完成侧滚二圈。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add left cyclic and flip the helicopter to inverted, continue until the helicopter has completed 2 rolls to the left.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将副翼打左舵使直升机翻滚为倒飞的姿态，持续地将副翼打左舵使直升机向左完成侧滚二圈。

Auto 180 Degree Autorotation（180°熄火降落）
Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to the flight line, start your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行，且高度不得低於20公尺，开始执行熄火降落。
Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to a one (1) meter landing circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度，朝直径１公尺的圆形降落区降落。
The helicopter must complete a 180 degree turn after the Autorotation has started.
熄火降落的程序开始执行後，直升机必须完成180°转弯的动作。
All of the helicopter landing skids must be within the landing circle.
降落时脚架需完全落在圆形的降落区内。
This maneuver must be done starting from the right and from the left of the pilot, and the 180 degree turn must be done both clockwise and counterclockwise from each directon. The pilot may stand anywhere they wish during this maneuver.
分别由操控者的右侧及左侧开始执行，并且180°转弯的动作必须以顺时针及逆时针的方向各执行一次，操控者可以站在任意　地方执行熄火降落。

Flips Forward（前滚翻）
With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的倒飞姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
From this inverted Nose-In hover, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的倒飞姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
From this inverted Tail-In hover, add forward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机尾朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵打降舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。

Flips Backward（後滚翻）
With the helicopter hovering Tail-In, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的倒飞姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
From this inverted Nose-In hover, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Tail-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机尾朝向操控者的倒飞姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
From this inverted Tail-In hover, add backward cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-In hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机尾朝向操控者的倒飞停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝向操控者的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。

Flips Laterally（侧滚翻）
With the helicopter hovering Nose-Left, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-Left hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝左保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝左的倒飞停悬姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
From this inverted Nose-Left hover, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-Left hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝左的倒飞停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝左的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
Repeat but use left cyclic instead of right cyclic.
重覆以上的动作，但是将副翼打左舵。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-Right, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter to an inverted Nose-Right hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
机头朝右保持停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝右的倒飞停悬姿态，保持静止倒飞停悬５秒钟。
From this inverted Nose-Right hover, add right cyclic and flip the helicopter back to an upright Nose-Right hover, hold for five (5) seconds.
由机头朝右的倒飞停悬，将副翼打右舵使直升机翻滚为机头朝右的正立停悬姿态，保持静止停悬５秒钟。
Repeat but use left cyclic instead of right cyclic.
重覆以上的动作，但是将副翼打左舵。

Rolling Circle（侧滚水平圆）
Fly a clockwise circle while rolling the helicopter to the right.
以直升机向右侧滚的方式，执行顺时针方向的水平圆。
Repeat flying a clockwise circle, but this time rolling the helicopter to the left.
以直升机向左侧滚的方式，执行顺时针方向的水平圆。
Fly a counterclockwise circle while rolling the helicopter to the right.
以直升机向右侧滚的方式，执行逆时针方向的水平圆。
Repeat flying a counterclockwise circle, but this time rolling the helicopter to the left.
以直升机向左侧滚的方式，执行逆时针方向的水平圆。

Tumbles（各种滚翻）
With the helicopter hovering Tail-In pull back cyclic, and work the collective to complete at least two (2) full back tumbles while maintaining a constant altitude and heading. Stop the helicopter in a stable Tail-In hover.
机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机保持固定的高度及方向，向後翻滚至少二圈。动作执行完毕後，机尾朝向操控者保持稳定的停悬。
Repeat push forward cyclic completing a minimum of two (2) forward tumbles.
将升降舵打降舵，重覆步骤１，向前翻滚至少二圈。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In pull back cyclic, and work the collective to complete at least two (2) full back tumbles while maintaining a constant altitude and heading. Stop the helicopter in a stable Nose-In hover.
机头朝向操控者保持停悬，将升降舵拉升舵使直升机保持固定的高度及方向，向後翻滚至少二圈。动作执行完毕後，机头朝向操控者保持稳定的停悬。
Repeat push forward cyclic completing a minimum of two (2) forward tumbles.
将升降舵打降舵，重覆步骤３，向前翻滚至少二圈。
Fly straight and level form left to right as the helicopter is just about in front of the pilot, pull back cyclic, adjust the collective to maintain constant altitude and speed and hold the back cyclic as the helicopter completes one (1) full traveling tumbling back flip to upright. Fly away straight and level.
由左至右保持水平直线飞行，当直升机在操控者的正前方时，将升降舵拉升舵，控制主旋翼的螺距使直升机保持固定的高度及前进速度，向後翻滚一圈完毕。继续保持水平直线飞行。
Repeat but start flying from right to left.
由右至左，重覆步骤５。
Fly straight and level from left to right at a moderate speed as the helicopter is just about in front of the pilot, add extra collective momentarily, then simultaneously push forward cyclic, and adjust the collective to maintain constant altitude and speed and hold the forward cyclic until the helicopter completes one (1) full traveling tumbling front flip to upright. Fly away straight and level.
由左至右保持适当速度的水平直线飞行，当直升机在操控者的正前方时，瞬间加大主旋翼的螺距，同时将升降舵打降舵，控制主旋翼的螺距使直升机保持固定的高度及前进速度，直到直升机向前翻滚一圈完毕。继续保持水平直线飞行。
Repeat but start flying form right to left.
由右至左，重覆步骤７。

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第五级(Level V)
Level V is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing beyond the basics of Backward Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use extreme caution when performing these advanced maneuvers, the pilots and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第五级属於高级程度，使操控者有能力执行基础的後退飞行。第五级的本质是要能成功地完成前四级的所有动作，以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这些高级的动作时，必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。
Sustained Backward Flight（後退水平圆）
With the helicopter upright fly backward for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuits around your flying area.
在飞行区域内，以顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈後退水平圆。

Sustained Backward Figure of Eight - Flying（後退８字飞行）
With the helicopter hovering pointing to the left over the landing area, move the helicopter backwards to the right, then perform a 270 degree turn. The helicopter should be flying backwards directly at the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝左保持停悬，向右後退飞行，然後执行外侧3/4水平圆，此时机尾朝向操控者後退飞行。
While maintaining constant altitude and speed, execute a 360 degree turn in the opposit direction, the helicopter should flying directly at the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度，向另一侧执行360°水平圆，此时机尾又朝向操控者後退飞行。
Perform a 90 degree turn in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn, fly away straight and level and then fly backwards to the starting point above the landing area.
执行後退1/4水平圆，使机头与步骤１的停悬同向，保持後退水平直线飞行至降落区上空的起始点。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In over the landing area, move the helicopter backwards away from the pilot perform a 360 degree turn. The helicopter should be flying backwards directly away from the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝向操控者保持停悬，以後退飞行的方式执行360°水平圆，此时机头朝向操控者并保持後退飞行（远离操控者）。
While maintaining constant altitude and speed, execute another 360 degree turn in opposite direction, the helicopter should be flying directly away from the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度，向另一侧执行360°水平圆，此时机头又朝向操控者并保持後退飞行（远离操控者）。
To complete this manuuver, fly backward to a hover above the landing area.
後退飞行至降落区的上空保持停悬，即完成此动作。

Sustained Backward Flight - Inside Loops（後退内浸斗）
With the helicopter upright and flying backward straight and level from the left to the right, when the helicopter is directly in front of the pilot, push forward cyclic and execute a Tail first Inside Loop. Use the collective to make the loop as round as possible.
由左至右保持後退水平直线飞行，当直升机在操控者的正前方时，将升降舵打降舵执行内浸斗。控制主旋翼的螺距，尽可能使飞行轨迹成为圆形的环状。
Repeat but this time start by flying backward from right to left.
由右至左保持後退水平直线飞行，重覆执行步骤１。

Sustained Backward Flight - Rolls（後退侧滚）
While the helicopter is flying straight and level backward from left to right, before it reaches the pilot, roll the helicopter away from the pilot until completes one (1) roll. The helicopter should be flying inverted and backward as it passes in front of the pilot, the helicopter should continue to roll back to upright after is passes in front of the pilot. Use collective control to maintain constant altitude and speed. Fly away from the maneuver straight and level.
由左至右保持後退水平直线飞行，在直升机未到达操控者的正前方时，将副翼打右降舵执行侧滚（远离操控者）。当直升机到达操控者的正前方时，机体刚好成为倒飞後退飞行，继续执行侧滚的动作，等到直升机通过操控者的正前方以後，机身便恢复为正飞後退飞行。执行後退侧滚时，请控制主旋翼的螺距，以便维持固定的高度及速度。
Repeat the above step but this time roll the helicopter toward the pilot.
重覆执行步骤１，将副翼打左舵执行侧滚（接近操控者）。
Repeat the above steps but this time flying backwards from the right to the left, and do both a roll to the left and to the right.
重覆执行步骤１及２，由右至右开始执行。

Sustained Backward Inverted Flight（倒飞後退水平圆）
With the helicopter inverted fly backward for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuits around your flying area.
在飞行区域内，以顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈後退水平圆。

Sustained Backward Inverted Figure of Eight -Flying（倒飞後退８字飞行）
With the helicopter hovering inverted pointing to the left over the landing area, move the helicopter backwards to the right, perform a 270 degree turn. The helicopter should be flying backwards directly at the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝左保持倒飞停悬，向右後退飞行，然後执行外侧3/4水平圆，此时机尾朝向操控者後退飞行。
While maintaining constant altitude and speed, execute a 360 degree turn in the opposit direction, the helicopter should flying directly at the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度，向另一侧执行360°水平圆，此时机尾又朝向操控者後退飞行。
Perform a 90 degree turn in the same direction as the first 270 degree turn, fly out straight and level and then fly backwards to the starting point above the landing area.
执行後退90°转弯，使机头与步骤１的停悬同向，保持後退水平直线飞行至降落区上空的起始点。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-In inverted over the landing area, move the helicopter backwards away from the pilot perform a 360 degree turn. The helicopter should be flying backwards directly away from the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝向操控者保持倒飞停悬，以後退飞行的方式执行360°水平圆，此时机头朝向操控者并保持後退飞行（远离操控者）。
While maintaining constant altitude and speed, execute another 360 degree turn in opposite direction, the helicopter should  flying directly away the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度，向另一侧执行360°水平圆，此时机头又朝向操控者并保持後退飞行（远离操控者）。
To complete this manuuver fly, backward to a hover above the landing area.
後退飞行至降落区的上空保持倒飞停悬，即完成此动作。

Autorotation with inverted segment（倒飞熄火降落）
Starting from an altitude of no less than twenty (20) meters and on a heading parallel to the flight line, with the helicopter inverted and to the pilot right, start your Autorotation.
机头保持与航道平行，且高度不得低於20公尺，直升机保持倒飞姿态，向操控者的右侧开始执行熄火降落。
During the Autorotation, roll the helicopter to upright.
在降落的过程中，将直升机侧滚成为正飞的姿态。
Try for a smooth constant rate of descent directly to the one (1) meter/yard landing circle.
保持平滑且稳定的下降速度，朝直径１公尺的圆形降落区降落。
Any part of the helicopter landing skids must be within the one (1) meter/yard landing circle.
降落时脚架的某一部份需落在圆形的降落区内。
Repeat but this time start the Autorotation to the pilot left.
向操控者的左侧重覆执行熄火降落。

Knife Edge Pirouette（侧飞自旋360°）
With the helicopter flying straight and level form right to left, roll the helicopter to the left (toward the pilot), drop collective to zero degree, and while the helicopter is in knife edge flight at least one (1) full tail rotor turn (360 degrees) to the right (clockwise). Exit by rolling to the right, adding collective and fly away upright and level.
由右至左保持水平直线飞行，将副翼打左舵执行1/4侧滚（接近操控者）。降低主旋翼的螺距成为０°，当直升机成为侧飞的状态时，以顺时针的方向至少执行一次360°自旋，然後将副翼打右舵，增加主旋翼的螺距，使机体恢复成水平直线飞行。
Repeat step 1, but this time make the rail rotor turn to the left (counterclockwise).
重覆执行步骤１，但以逆时针的方向至少执行一次360°自旋。
Repeat steps 1 & 2, but this time roll the helicopter to the right (away from the pilot). Exit by rolling back to the left.
重覆执行步骤１及２，但将副翼打右舵执行1/4侧滚（远离操控者）。结束时将副翼打左舵。
Repeat steps 1, 2 & 3, but this time with the helicopter flying from left to right.
由左至右保持水平直线飞行，重覆执行步骤１、２及３。

Death Spiral（侧飞水平螺旋下坠）
With the helicopter hovering at a safe altitude, roll the helicopter to the left, until the rotor blades are vertical, the helicopter must remain horizontal during this maneuver, drop collective and add forward cyclic.
先将直升机停悬在安全的高度，然後将副翼打左舵执行1/4侧滚，直到主旋翼回转面成为垂直，机体必须保持水平，降低主旋翼的螺距成为０°，并且将升降舵打降舵。
The helicopter must complete at least three (3) complete "forward" tumbles as it is falling sideways toward the ground.
当机体朝地面下坠时，至少须完成三次前滚翻的动作。
Roll back to the right to exit this maneuver.
将副翼打右舵，使直升机恢复成为水平飞行。
Repeat the above steps, but start the maneuver by rolling to the right, and exit by rolling to the left.
重覆执行步骤１、２及３，但将副翼打右舵执行1/4侧滚。结束时将副翼打左舵。
Repeat the above steps, but use aft cyclic instead of forward cyclic completeing at least three (3) "backward" tumbles.
重覆执行上述步骤，但将升降舵打降舵，至少须完成三次後滚翻的动作。

论坛老模友

第六级(Level VI)
Level VI is an advanced level of proficiency and completion of this level takes the pilot to the level of a pilot capable of performing beyond the basics of Sideways Flight. Intrinsic to this level is successfully completing all components of the previous levels, then advancing to the ability to control the helicopter in these new orientations. Please use extreme caution when performing these advanced maneuvers, the pilots and spectators safety is of utmost importance.
第六级属於高级程度，使操控者有能力执行基础的横向飞行。第六级的本质是要能成功地完成前五级的所有动作，以及增进对於新动作的操控及定位能力。在执行这些高级的动作时，必须尽可能地注意操控者及观众的安全。
Sideways Flight（横向飞行水平圆）
With the helicopter upright hovering Tail-In over the landing circle, fly sideways for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area. The nose of the helicopter must be pointing toward the center of the flight area.
在降落区的上空将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，在飞行区内以横向飞行的方式，对顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈机头朝向圆心的水平圆。
With the helicopter rpright hovering Nose-In over the landing circle, fly sideways for at least one (1) clockwise and one (1) counterclockwise circuit around your flying area. The nose of the helicopter must be pointing away from the center of the flight area.
在降落区的上空将机头朝向操控者保持停悬，在飞行区内以横向飞行的方式，对顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈机尾在降落区的上空将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，在飞行区内以横向飞行的方式，对顺时针及逆时针的方向，至少各执行一圈机头朝向圆心的水平圆。朝向圆心的水平圆。

Sideways Figure of Eight - Flying（横向８字飞行）
With the helicopter hovering Nose-Out over the landing area, move the helicopter sideways to the right, perform a 270 degree Nose-In turn. The helicopter should now be flying sideways directly at the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机尾朝向操控者保持停悬，向右侧横向飞行，执行机头向内3/4水平圆，使机身右侧朝向操控者。
While maintaining constant altitude and speed, execute a 360 degree Nose-Out turn, the helicopter should be flying sideways directly at the pilot again.
保持固定的高度及速度，向另一侧执行机尾向内360°水平圆，此时机身右侧又再一次朝向操控者。
Perform a 90 degree Nose-In turn fly sideways straight and level, completing the maneuver. Fly back to the starting point above the landing area.
再执行机头向内1/4水平圆後便完成此动作。将直升机飞回降落区上空的起始点。
Repeat the maneuver but this time start flying sideways to the left.
向左侧横向飞行，重覆执行上述的步骤。
With the helicopter hovering Nose-Right over the landing area, move the helicopter sideways directly away from the pilot, perform a 360 degree Nose-In turn. The helicopter should now be flying sideways directly away from the pilot.
在降落区的上空将机头朝右保持停悬，向外侧（飞离操控者）开始横向飞行，执行机头向内360°水平圆，使机身侧面朝向操控者。
Complete the maneuver by performing a 360 degree Nose-Out turn. The helicopter should again be flying sideways directly away from the pilot.
再向另一侧执行机尾向内360°水平圆後便完成此动作，此时机身侧面又再一次朝向操控者。
Repeat the maneuver, but this time start with the helicopter hovering Nose-Left.
将机头朝左保持停悬，重覆执行步骤５及６。

Sideways Inside Loops（横向内浸斗）
With the helicopter upright flying sideways Tail-In straight and level from left to right, as the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, apply collective and left cyclic to complete an inside loop.
保持机尾朝向操控者，由左向右开始横向水平飞行，当直升机通过操控者的前方时，加大主旋翼的螺距并且将副翼打左舵完成一个内浸斗。
Repeat with the helicopter flying sideways from right to left, and right cyclic.
重覆执行步骤１，但由右向左开始横向水平飞行，并且将副翼打右舵完成一个内浸斗。
Repeat both of the above loop, but this time the helicopter must be Nose-In to the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者，重覆执行步骤１及２。

Sideways Outside Loops（横向外浸斗）
With the helicopter upright flying sideways straight and level from left to right, as the helicopter passes in front of the pilot, apply collective and right cyclic to complete an outside loop.
保持机尾朝向操控者，由左向右开始横向水平飞行，当直升机通过操控者的前方时，加大主旋翼的螺距并且将副翼打右舵完成一个外浸斗。
Repeat with the helicopter flying sideways from right to left, and left cyclic.
重覆执行步骤１，但由右向左开始横向水平飞行，并且将副翼打左舵完成一个外浸斗。
Repeat both of the above loop, but this time the helicopter must be Nose-In to the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者，重覆执行步骤１及２。

Sideways Rolls（横向滚翻）
Note∶A "roll" while flying sideways can be thought of in two different way.
注意∶当直升机保持横向飞行时，有二种不同的方式执行"侧滚"的动作。
1) In the normal way of rolling as a helicopter would normally fly or as
如同执行一般的侧滚动作或是
2) A roll as compared to the current direction of flight.
相对於目前飞行方向的侧滚动作。
So we will do both！
所以两者的动作我们都要执行！
Sideways Rolls - Helicopter is Rolling（横向滚翻 - 机体侧滚）
With the helicopter flying sideways Nose-Out straight and level from right to left, roll the helicopter to the left (the same direction as the helicopter is flying), use collective to maintain altitude and speed across the ground, complete at least one (1) roll. Exit by flying away sideways straight and level.
保持机尾朝向操控者，由右向左开始横向水平飞行，将副翼打左舵（与横向飞行的方向同向），控制主旋翼的螺距，使机体能保持固定的高度及横向速度，至少完成一个侧滚。动作结束时保持横向水平飞行。
Repeat step a, but this time make the roll to the right (opposite the direction the helicopter is flying).
将副翼打右舵（与横向飞行的方向逆向），重覆执行步骤ａ。
Repeat steps a & b, but this time with the helicopter Nose-In to the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者，重覆执行步骤ａ及ｂ。
Repeat steps a, b & c, but this time with the helicopter flying from left to right.
由左向右开始横向水平飞行，重覆执行步骤ａ、ｂ及ｃ。
Sideways Rolls - Helicopter is Tumbling（横向滚翻 - 机体前後滚翻）
With the helicopter flying sideways Nose-Out straight and level from right to left, tumble the helicopter forward while traveling sideways, use collective to maintain altitude and speed across the ground, complete at least one (1) tumble. Exit by flying away sideways straight and level.
保持机尾朝向操控者，由右向左开始横向水平飞行，将升降舵打降舵，控制主旋翼的螺距，使机体能保持固定的高度及横向速度，至少完成一个前滚翻。动作结束时保持横向水平飞行。
Repeat step a, but this time make the tumble backward.
升降舵拉升舵，重覆执行步骤ａ。
Repeat steps a & b, but this time with the helicopter Nose-In to the pilot.
保持机头朝向操控者，重覆执行步骤ａ及ｂ。
Repeat steps a, b & c, but this time with the helicopter flying from left to right.
由左向右开始横向水平飞行，重覆执行步骤ａ、ｂ及ｃ。

Pirouetting Figure of Eight（机体自旋８字飞行）
With the helicopter hovering over the landing area, start pirouetting clockwise while the helicopter is pirouetting fly the helicopter in a Figure of Eight to the right. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying toward the pilot.
在降落区的上空将直升机保持停悬，机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋，并且朝右侧开始执行外侧水平８字飞行。在８字形的中心点时，直升机是飞向操控者。
Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋，重覆执行步骤１。
Repeat step 1 above, but this time start the Figure of Eight by flying away from the pilot, pirouetting clockwise. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying away from the pilot.
机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋，并且朝右侧开始执行内侧水平８字飞行。在８字形的中心点时，直升机是飞离操控者。
Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋，重覆执行步骤３。

Inverted Pirouetting Figure of Eight（机体倒飞自旋８字飞行）
With the helicopter inverted hovering over the landing area, start pirouetting clockwise while the helicopter is pirouetting fly the helicopter in a Figure of Eight to the right. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying toward the pilot.
在降落区的上空将直升机保持倒飞停悬，机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋，并且朝右侧开始执行外侧水平８字飞行。在８字形的中心点时，直升机是飞向操控者。
Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋，重覆执行步骤１。
Repeat step 1 above, but this time start the Figure of Eight by flying away from the pilot, pirouetting clockwise. So at the center of the Eight, the helicopter is flying away from the pilot.
机体以顺时针的方向保持自旋，并且朝右侧开始执行内侧水平８字飞行。在８字形的中心点时，直升机是飞离操控者。
Repeat the above step, but this time start pirouetting counterclockwise.
机体以逆时针的方向保持自旋，重覆执行步骤３。